a. Conflicts between Traditional Authorities and European-Trained Elites

Educated elites trained by colonizers often opposed traditional authorities. Kwame Nkrumah, in Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism, criticizes the persistence of divisions inherited from colonization, where new elites continue to favor foreign interests. In the context of former Kivu, these elites often adopted ideals of modernity that heightened tensions with customary structures.

Measurable Economic Impact (1960-2020)

• Regional GDP evolution
• Transformation of production structures
• Changes in trade exchanges

Key Social Indicators

• Literacy rates before and after independence
• Evolution of healthcare systems
• Changes in educational systems

b. Resistance of Populations Against Colonial Authority and Reforms

Colonial reforms were often imposed brutally, provoking resistance from the populations. Fanon speaks of the liberating violence of colonized peoples against these oppressions, while Mazrui, in The Africans: A Triple Heritage, highlights how these resistances are expressed through traditional, Islamic, and Western forms, blending contestation with Africa’s diverse cultural influences.

c. Emergence of Nationalist Movements and Claims for Independence

Missionary education fostered political awareness, encouraging nationalist movements. Fanon observes that the struggle for independence is a response to colonial injustices. Liberation theologies from authors like Ela, advocating for a contextualized and social faith, support these movements by defending an African vision of self-determination.

Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya, a great figure of the African Church, reminds us that “The Church must be a light in the darkness of conflicts and a bridge for peace and dialogue.” This idea emphasizes the Church’s responsibility in supporting struggles for dignity and autonomy, thereby contributing to the re-evangelization of a resilient and sovereign Africa.

CHURCHES’ INVOLVEMENT IN DECOLONIZATION STRUGGLES.

a. The Role of Local Churches in National Liberation Movements

Local churches have often supported liberation struggles in Africa. Nkrumah and Fanon note that these movements, sometimes encouraged by religious beliefs, played a significant role in claims for independence. This influence, highlighted by Ela, shows that churches can be agents of liberation by reconnecting Christian faith to African values.

b. Speeches by Independence Leaders on African Identity and Sovereignty

Inspired by their Christian roots, some leaders claimed African sovereignty. Mazrui analyzes how this rhetoric draws from a triple African heritage, demonstrating that African identity can draw from local traditions, Islamic influence, and Christian values.

c. Influence of Liberation Theologies and African Theologies

Liberation theologies, as advocated by Ela, provide a foundation for a re-evangelization centered on social justice and human dignity. These theologies encourage reflection on the mission of African churches for a Christianity rooted in the local context…

This text is an excerpt from the book “RE-EVANGELIZING THE EAST OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO” written by Dr. Valéry Kitwana Shibari.

We invite you to read the following article: “Deepening the Theological and Spiritual Perspective”.

Customary Powers. Customary Powers. Customary Powers.